Eficacia ex vivo de sustancias irrigadoras frente a Enterococcus faecalis en conductos radiculares primarios / Ex vivo efficacy of irrigation substances against Enterococcus faecalis in primary root canals

En la práctica de odontología pediátrica el tratamiento endodóntico es un reto permanente en el profesional, considerando que la clave de un procedimiento exitoso es un adecuado protocolo de irrigación; por ello el objetivo de esta investigación pretende comprobar la eficacia clínica ex vivo frente a Enterococcus faecalis del NaOCl, la clorhexidina, y la solución salina. Se realizó un estudio ex vivo con enfoque cuantitativo, diseño experimental, nivel de investigación descriptiva en ámbito de laboratorio y temporalidad actual. Se analizó doce órganos dentarios deciduos sin distinción específica con indicación previa de extracción en pacientes pediátricos que acudieron a la consulta de Odontopediatría en la Carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca durante el periodo 2019 ­ 2020. Se evaluó mediante técnica de observación directa, obteniendo como resultado que el NaOCl y la Clorhexidina mostraron altos índices de inhibición frente al Enterococcus faecalis. Sugiriendo así el NaOCl al 5,25% o gluconato de clorhexidina al 2% como una alternativa en la terapia pulpar, según las condiciones individuales y del caso clínico correspondiente, respaldado también por la Asociación Estadounidense de Odontología Pediátrica (AAPD)(AU)

In the practice of pediatric dentistry, endodontic treatment is a permanent challenge for the professional, considering that the key to a successful procedure is an adequate irrigation protocol; therefore, the objective of this research is to verify the ex vivo clinical efficacy of NaOCl, chlorhexidine and saline solution against Enterococcus faecalis. An ex vivo study was carried out with a quantitative approach, experimental design, descriptive research level in a laboratory setting and current time frame. Twelve deciduous dental organs were analyzed without specific distinction with previous indication of indicated extraction of pediatric patients who attended the Pediatric Dentistry consultation at the Dentistry Department of the Catholic University of Cuenca during the period 2019 - 2020. It was evaluated by means of direct observation technique. As a result, NaOCl 5,25% and Chlorhexidine 2% showed high inhibition indexes against Enterococcus faecalis. Thus suggesting NaOCl or chlorhexidine gluconate as an alternative in pulp therapy according to the individual conditions of the patient and the clinician also supported by the American Association of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD)(AU)

Frequency of change of chlorhexidine-impregnated gel dressings for central venous catheters in critically ill patients / Tiempo de permanencia del apósito gel de clorhexidina en catéter venoso central en paciente crítico / Tempo de permanência do curativo gel de clorexidina no cateter venoso central em paciente crítico

Objectives: To identify the frequency of change of chlorhexidine-impregnated gel dressings applied in central venous catheter insertion sites, describe reasons for dressing changes, and identify the amount of dressings used per adult patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Methods: Descriptive study consisting of daily record of occurrence evaluation, reason for dressing change and quantity used per patient, between April and December 2014. Descriptive statistical analysis was used. Results: A total of 159 dressings were applied at the insertion site of 64 central venous catheters whose mean frequency of dressing changes was 3.04 days. The mean number of dressing per patient was 3.1, but 83 unscheduled changes occurred before 7 days of stay, due to detachment, wetness, soiling, and loss of dressing. Conclusion: The frequency of dressing changes was less than seven days, resulting in greater quantities of dressings per patient. Detachment was the most common reason for unscheduled dressing changes.

Objetivos: Identificar el tiempo de permanencia del apósito gel de clorhexidina aplicado en sitio de inserción del catéter venoso central, describir razones del cambio e identificar cantidad de apósitos utilizados por paciente adulto internado en unidad de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo consistente en registro diario de evaluación de ocurrencia, motivo del cambio de apósito y cantidad utilizada por paciente, de abril a diciembre de 2014. Análisis por estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Se aplicaron 159 apósitos en sitio de inserción de 64 catéteres venosos centrales, con tiempo medio de permanencia de 3.04 días. El promedio de apósitos por paciente fue 3.1, aunque ocurrieron 83 cambios no programados, previos a siete días de permanencia, por despegado, humedad, suciedad y pérdida del apósito. Conclusión: La permanencia del apósito fue inferior a siete días, determinando mayor número de apósitos utilizados por paciente. El despegado del apósito fue el motivo prevalente de cambio no programado.

Objetivos: Identificar o tempo de permanência do curativo gel de clorexidina aplicado no sítio de inserção do cateter venoso central, descrever motivos de troca e identificar a quantidade utilizada por paciente adulto internado em unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo descritivo consistindo de registro diário de avaliação de ocorrência, motivo da troca de curativo e quantidade usada pelo paciente, entre abril e dezembro de 2014. Utilizou análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: Aplicou-se 159 curativos no sítio de inserção de 64 cateteres venosos centrais cujo tempo médio de permanência foi de 3,04 dias. A média de curativo por paciente foi de 3,1, mas ocorreram 83 trocas não programadas, antes de sete dias de permanência, por descolamento, umidade, sujidade e perdas. Conclusão: A permanência do curativo foi inferior a sete dias acarretando um número maior de curativo utilizado por paciente. O descolamento do curativo foi o motivo mais frequente de troca não programada.

Non-surgical Treatment of Peri-implant Inflammation with the Adjunctive Use of the Diode Laser (810nm) Case Presentation.

Objective: The aim of this study is to discuss the non-surgical periodontal instrumentation, (which is necessary and irreplaceable) with the adjuctive use of diode laser (810nm), in the treatment of peri-implant infalmmation. Data are limited to a case report. Presentation of Case: After 12 years from implants insertion, which was carried out in 1992, a periodontally susceptible patient, shows signs of peri-implant inflammation (2004). Nowadays, after non-surgical periodontal laser-assisted therapy and 9 years of follow-up, implants shows no more signs of inflammation. Periodontal Therapy and Supportive Treatment are Made of Two Indispensable Phases: professional oral hygiene and home care instruction. During professional oral hygiene appointment, in addition to mechanical (dedicated ultrasonic inserts) and manual (titanium curette) non-surgical periodontal instrumentation, a diode laser in pulsed wave, at of 1Watt (2Watt the first appointment) for 20sec in duplicate at each site, was used. Professional treatment included also air polishing with glycine powder and application of CHX 0,5%gel. The patient was instructed in proper home care. Discussion and Conclusion: each treatment stage was carried out as required by the protocol and the patient has faithfully followed the oral hygiene instructions. Peri-implant clinical situation has remained fairly stable, showing normal periodontal parameters, more than 20 years from implants insertion. The present case shows how, traditional protocols of non-surgical periodontal therapy, in conjunction with the diode (810nm) laser, seem to be an effective alternative treatment modality in non-surgical treatment of peri-implantitis, in a periodontal susceptible patient. Obviously, data are limited the present case report and should be validated by further longitudinal clinical studies.after

Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of resin-dentin bond strengths: in vitro effects of surface treatment with metalloproteinase inhibitors

AIM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of MMPs inhibitors (chlorhexidine and EDTA) in bond strength and quality of the hybrid layer of adhesive restorations in normal dentin using two ethanol-based total-etch adhesive systems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-two extracted human molars were coronally sectioned and randomly divided into 8 groups (n=4), depending on the surface pre-treatment and adhesive system used. The total-etch adhesive systems Single Bond 2 (2-step) and Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (3-step) were used as follows: 1) according to manufacturer's instructions (etching with 37% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) for 15 s); 2) etching with H3PO4 for 15 s, followed by 2% chlorhexidine for 120 s; 3) etching with 0.1 M EDTA for 60 s; 4) etching with 0.1 M EDTA followed by 2% chlorhexidine for 120 s. Teeth were incrementally restored with composite resin (Filtek Z350XT). After water storage for 24 h, teeth were double-sectioned, yielding stick specimens of 1.0 mm² bonded area, and then subjected to microtensile bond strength (MTBS) test at 0.5 mm/min. Additional specimens were gold-sputtered to be analyzed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data (in Mega Pascal) were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (p <0.05) tests. RESULTS: The etching protocol (37% H3PO4 or EDTA) interfered with hybrid layer formation, monomer penetration and the MTBS. Funnel shaped resin tags were observed when dentin was etched with 37% H3PO4. In these specimens, MTBS were also higher. EDTA conditioning produced thin hybrid layers and smaller MTBS, regardless the adhesive system used. Chlorhexidine application after conditioning resulted in no apparent differences between both evaluated techniques (37% H3PO4 or EDTA). CONCLUSION: The use of chlorhexidine as a MMP inhibitor does not alter immediate bond strength values and does not interfere with hybrid layer formation.

Efeitos da interação e soluções utilizadas na prevenção da formação do precipitado originado pela interação do hipoclorito de sódio e do digluconato de clorexidina e a repercurssão sobre a resistência de união de cimento obturador na dentina do canal radicular / Effecfts of different solutions irrigation or protocols to prevent the chemical precipitates formed by interaction between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate and its repercussion on the bond strength of an epoxy-based sealer in radicular dentin

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a magnitude da precipitação de resíduos e seu efeito sobre a resistência de união de um cimento obturador endodôntico (AH Plus) na dentina radicular, após a utilização do protocolo de irrigação final com hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) a 2,5% e digluconato de clorexidina a 2% (CHX), intercaladas ou não com álcool isopropílico, água destilada ou soro fisiológico. No capítulo 1, inicialmente cem caninos humanos extraídos foram preparados com o instrumento F5 e irrigados com NaOCl a 2,5% e EDTA 17%. Cinquenta dentes foram divididos em 5 grupos (n = 10), de acordo com o protocolo de irrigação final: G1 (controle, sem irrigação final); G2 (solução de CHX); G3 (CHX gel); G4 (Concepsis) e G5 (CHX Plus). Em seguida, os espécimes foram clivados e a dentina do canal radicular analisada através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), nos segmentos cervical-médio e médio-apical, a fim de detectar a presença de debris e smear layer. Outros cinquenta dentes foram tratados igualmente ao estudo anterior, obturados e submetidos ao teste de push out, nos terços cervical, médio e apical radicular. Os espécimes foram avaliados utilizando uma máquina universal de ensaios mecânicos. Para análise estatística foi utilizando o teste de Kruskal Wallis e Dunn (p = 0,05). No capítulo 2, inicialmente cinquenta caninos humanos extraídos foram instrumentados semelhante ao descrito no capítulo1 e distribuídos em 5 grupos (n = 10), de acordo com o protocolo de irrigação final . No G1, os canais radiculares foram irrigados com NaOCl 2,5% e EDTA 17% ; no G2, procedimentos semelhantes ao G1 foram realizados, exceto que a CHX 2% foi utilizada como solução de irrigação final. Nos demais grupos, o álcool isopropílico (G3), solução salina (G4) ou água destilada (G5) foram utilizados entre NaOCl e a CHX. Os espécimes foram clivados longitudinalmente e a superfície dentinária radicular submetida à análise em MEV, também para avaliar a presença de debris e smear layer, nos segmentos cervical-médio e médio-apical. Outros cinqüenta caninos humanos extraídos foram divididos em cinco grupos (n = 10) e realizados com os mesmos procedimentos descritos no estudo anterior. Após a obturação, foram seccionadas para obter secções nos terços cervical, médio e apical radicular e também submetidos ao teste de push out, identicamente ao citado no capítulo1. A análise estatística dos estudos foi realizada utilizando o teste de Kruskal Wallis e Dunn (p = 0,05). No capítulo 1, foi demonstrado que as formulações do CHX a 2% (solução pura, gel, Concepsis e CHX-Plus) utilizadas no protocolo de irrigação final ocasionaram a precipitação de debris e smear layer sobre a dentina radicular, tanto no segmento cervical-médio como no médio-apical. Entretanto, estes resíduos não reduziram a resistência de união da obturação dos canais radiculares quando utilizado o cimento endodôntico (AH Plus). No capítulo 2, foi observado que o álcool isopropílico, a solução salina e a água destilada não foram capazes de prevenir a precipitação de resíduos sobre a dentina. No entanto, estes resultados não interferiram negativamente nos valores da resistência de união do cimento endodôntico (AH Plus) na dentina radicular

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the chemical interaction between different formulations of chlorhexidine gluconate solution and sodium hypochlorite and alternative protocols to prevent the chemical residues precipitation on radicular dentin. In chapter 1, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the presence of debris and smear layer after endodontic irrigation with different formulations of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and its effects on the push-out bond strength of an epoxy-based sealer on the radicular dentin. One hundred extracted human canines were prepared to F5 instrument and irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Fifty teeth were divided into five groups (n=10), according to the final irrigation protocol with different 2% CHX formulations: G1 (control, no final rinse irrigation), G2 (2% CHX solution), G3 (2% CHX gel), G4 (Concepsis), and G5 (CHX Plus). In sequence, the specimens were submitted to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, in the cervical-medium and mediumapical segments, to evaluate the presence of debris and smear layer. The other 50 teeth were treated equally to a SEM study, but the root canals filled with an epoxybased endodontic sealer and submitted to a push-out bond strength test, in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds. G2, G3, G4, and G5 provided higher precipitation of the debris and smear layer than G1 (p<0.05), but these groups were similar to each other (p>0.05), in both segments. The values obtained in the push out test did not differ between groups, independent of the radicular third (p>0.05). The CHXs formulations caused precipitation of the debris and smear layer on the radicular dentin, but these residues did not interfere in the push-out bond strength of the epoxy-based sealer. In chapter 2, the aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of isopropyl alcohol, saline or distilled water to prevent the precipitate formed between NaOCl and 2% CHX and its effect on the bond strength of an epoxy-based sealer in radicular dentine. Fifty extracted human canines (n =10) were instrumented. In G1, root canals were irrigated with 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl; G2, procedures similar to G1, except that 2% CHX was used as final irrigation. In the other groups, intermediate flushes with isopropyl alcohol (G3), saline (G4) or distilled water (G5) were used between NaOCl and CHX. The specimens were submitted to SEM analysis to evaluate the presence of debris and smear layer, in the apical and cervical segments. In sequence, fifty extracted human canines were distributed into five groups (n = 10), similar to the SEM study. After the obturation, the roots were sectioned transversally to obtain dentine slices, in the cervical, middle and apical thirds. The specimens were submitted to a push-out bond strength test using an electromechanical testing machine. The statistical analysis for studies were performed using the Kruskal Wallis and Dunn´s tests (α = 5%). All groups presented similar amount of residues precipitated on the radicular dentine (P > 0.05). The pushout bond strength values were similar for all groups, independently of the radicular third evaluated (P > 0.05). Isopropyl alcohol, saline or distilled water failed to prevent the precipitation of residues on the root canal dentine, but these residues did not interfere on the push-out bond strength of the obturation. In conclusion, all formulations 2% CHX provided chemical precipitates on radicular dentin after 2.5% NaOCl irrigation, but this residues does not interfered in push-out bond strength of epoxy-based sealer on dentin

In vitro activity of disinfectants against Aspergillus spp

Fungi of the Aspergillus genus are widespread and contaminate the environment. Thousands of conidia are released from each phialide and dispersed in the air every day. These fungi are considered important mycose-causing agents in hospitals. Due to this, research to determine prevalent fungi from the Aspergillus genus in hospital environments, and an adequate disinfection program in these areas is are needed. This study evaluated the susceptibility of Aspergillus spp. isolated from a veterinary environment against four disinfectants. Successive dilutions of disinfectants (log2) were used according to CLSI M38-A2 microdilution technique adapted to chemical agents against 18 isolates of this genus. After 72 hours of incubation, the Minimum Inhibiting Concentration and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration capable of inhibiting 50% and 90% of the isolates were determined. Chlorexidine-cetrimine, benzalconium chloride and a chlorophenol derivative proved to be effective against all isolates with a lower MIC than that suggested by the manufacturer, except for the A. flavus strain. Sodium hypochlorite was ineffective against three A. fumigatus, three A. flavus and one A. niger isolate. These results demonstrated that all studied disinfectants were effective against environmental isolates, with the exception of sodium hypochlorite, which showed lower effectiveness.

Comparação de Dois Métodos de Antissepsia Pré-operatória de Mãos em Cirurgia Bucal / Comparison Between Two Methods of Preoperative Antisepsis of Hands in Oral Surgery

Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia da escovação pré-operatória, efeito imediato e residual de dois antissépticos na redução bacteriana das mãos, previamente a procedimentos cirúrgicos bucais ambulatoriais. Metodologia: Para a realização do experimento, foram selecionados 20 acadêmicos de odontologia, que participaram de quatro grupos experimentais: grupo I, utilizando o polivinilpirrolidona-iodo (PVP-I) a 10% degermante associado à técnica de escovação cirúrgica, promovendo antissepsia mecânica e química; grupo II, PVP-I a 10% e o método de lavagem cirúrgica, realizando somente antissepsia química; grupo III, clorexidina a 2% associado à técnica de escovação cirúrgica; grupo IV, clorexidina a 2% realizando a técnica de lavagem cirúrgica. Resultado: Como resultado do efeito residual, o grupo I apresentou, em média, de 71% de redução bacteriana; o grupo II apresentou 83%; o grupo III, 97% de ação antimicrobiana, e o grupo IV demonstrou aproximadamente 97% de efeito bactericida. Conclusão: Ao se observar em dois grupos que utilizaram a mesma solução antisséptica em relação ao método de lavagem cirúrgica das mãos, ou seja, sem o uso de artefatos, este apresentou resultados melhores ou, no mínimo, semelhantes quanto à redução bacteriana em relação à técnica convencional de escovação cirúrgica. Com relação à solução antisséptica, a clorexidina apresentou maior redução da carga microbiana que o PVP-I.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative brushing, the immediately and residual effect of the antiseptics on bacterial reduction of hands, before the oral surgical procedures. Methodology: To the experiment, were selected 20 students of dentistry, who participated in four experimental groups: group I, using povidone-iodine (PVP-I) 10% degerming associated with hand-scrubbing, mechanical and chemical antisepsis; group II, PVP-I 10% and hand-rubbing, performing only chemical antisepsis; group III, digluconate of the chlorhexidine 2% solution degermante with hand-scrubbing; group IV, chlorhexidine 2% and hand-rubbing. Results: As a result of residual effect, the group I made on average 71% of bacterial reduction, while the group II showed 83%; group III resulted in 97% of antimicrobial action, the group IV showed approximately 97% of bactericidal effect. Conclusion: Noting that both groups used the same anti-septic solution to hand-rubbing method showed better at least similar results in bacterial reduction than hand-scrubbing. About the anti-septic solution the chlorhexidine showed greater reduction of microbial load that the PVP-I.

Eficácia da clorexidina-cetrimida na desinfecção ambiental contra Aspergillus spp. / Chlorexidine-cetrimide efficacy in ambient disinfection against Aspergillus spp

Avaliou-se a ação in loco da clorexidina-cetrimida no controle de Aspergillus spp., considerando-se a influência de fatores climáticos e populacionais, em um centro de recuperação de animais marinhos. Durante dois anos, realizaram-se colheitas de amostras de ar por meio da técnica de sedimentação, com implantação no segundo ano de um programa de desinfecção com clorexidina-cetrimida. Os resultados do isolamento fúngico nos dois anos foram comparados estatisticamente pelo programa Epinfo 8.0. Demonstrou-se que o isolamento de Aspergillus spp. não apresentou relação significativa com fatores climáticos e populacionais e que a diminuição da concentração de conídios de Aspergillus spp. do ambiente ocorreu devido ao programa eficaz de desinfecção com a clorexidina-cetrimida.

The study evaluated the in loco activity of chlorexidine-cetrimide for environmental control of Aspergillus spp. considering the climatic influence and population variations, in a recuperation center of marine animals. Samples of air were collected throughout two years by the sediment method, and the disinfection program was established in the second year. Data collected during the two years were statistically compared by Epinfo 8.0. program. It was demonstrated that both population and climate had no influence on the fungal isolation, and the disinfection program with chlorexidine-cetrimide was considered effective in the reduction of conidia Aspergillus concentration indoor.